To compute the square root of a numeric vector.

To compute the exponential function, i.e., raise Euler’s number (e) to the power of a numeric vector.

To compute the base-10 logarithm of a numeric vector.

To compute the natural logarithm of a numeric vector.

To shift or lead values in a vector or data frame column.

To shift or lag values in a vector or data frame column.

To compute differences between consecutive elements in a numeric vector.

To compute the cumulative maximum of a numeric vector.

To compute the cumulative minimum of a numeric vector.

To compute the cumulative product of a numeric vector.

To compute the cumulative sum of a numeric vector.

To find the index of the first duplicated element in a vector, data frame, or other structures.

To identify duplicated elements in a vector, data frame, or other structures.

To perform the Shapiro-Wilk test for normality.

To extract unique elements from a vector, data frame, or other structures.

Computes the sample ranks of the values in a numeric vector, with ties getting the average of ranks for the tied values.

Returns the permutation which rearranges its first argument into ascending or descending order, breaking ties by further arguments.

Sorts the elements of a vector or other indexed data structure in ascending or descending order.

Reverses the order of elements in a vector or other indexed data structure.

Writes data frames or matrices to an Excel file.